Arizona Indigenous Tribal Water Rights

Examination of US federally recognized indigenous tribes in AZ, with respect to their water rights…or lack thereof

Author

Affiliation

Dr. Greg Chism

School of Information, University of Arizona

Important

Throughout this project I personally use the term “Indigenous” and “Tribal” to refer to the Indigenous Peoples that lived in pre-colonial North America. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the term “American Indian” (a term some Indigenous Peoples also prefer), and subsequently many of the Federally Recognized Tribal Reservations use this term. It is not my wish to create or follow prejudice against Indigenous Peoples through this project, as it was meant only as a learning resource. Any concerns about the content of this project will lead to its immediate correction or complete removal.

0 - Set up

I used several packages for this project, most of which related to plotting maps with {ggplot2} or creating interactive/reactive tables with {reactable} and {reactablefmtr}.

if(!require(pacman))
  install.packages("pacman")

pacman::p_load(here,
               htmltools,
               lwgeom,
               tidyverse,
               tigris,
               sf,
               ggtext,
               ggrepel,
               ggiraph,
               glue,
               readxl,
               janitor,
               reactable,     # for HTML tables
               reactablefmtr, # for easier formatting reactable tables
               scales,
               patchwork,
               usmap,
               webshot2)

webshot::install_phantomjs()

# Options to use tigris datasets with sf
options(tigris_use_cache = TRUE, tigris_class = "sf")

Setting the default theme ggplot and output options for the project.

# setting theme for ggplot2
ggplot2::theme_set(cowplot::theme_map())

# setting figure parameters for knitr
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  fig.width = 8,        # 8" width
  fig.asp = 0.65,       # the golden ratio
  fig.retina = 1,       # dpi multiplier for displaying HTML output on retina
  fig.align = "center", # center align figures
  dpi = 350,            # higher dpi, sharper image
  message = FALSE
)

1 - Introduction

What is the status of Indigenous Tribal water rights in Arizona?

As both a resident of Arizona and a member of the University of Arizona (UArizona) faculty, I have been acutely aware of the influence of Indigenous Peoples and their culture. Arizona is home to 22 federally recognized tribes, and my city of residence, Tucson, is home to the O’odham and Yaqui tribed. The UArizona Land Acknowledgement recognizes that the campus is on the land and territories of Indigenous Peoples, and as such strives to build sustainable relationships with sovereign Native Nations and Indigenous communities through education offerings, partnerships, and community service¹.

Arizona is the sunniest state in the U.S., with an average of 5,755 kJ/m² in annual sunlight. In addition, there has been a +12.23% change in sunlight since 1992². Over the last 15 years, the Southwest has experience substantial drought, especially affecting the Colorado River³ and Lake Mead⁴. The Colorado River supplies about 36% of Arizona’s water. Whereas other sources are from groundwater, 41%; in-state rivers, 18%, and reclaimed water, 5%⁵. Due to climate projections for the southwestern U.S., it is likely that Arizona’s drought situation will only worsen over time⁶.

Of the 22 federally recognized tribes in AZ, only 14 have either fully resolved, adjudicated rights, or partially resolved rights claims⁷. In fact, Navajo Nation, the largest federally recognized tribe, only recently passed a proposed settlement that would ensure water rights for its tribe - a deal that has yet to be passed by Congress⁸. What has taken so long? Legally, Indigenous Tribal users were left out of water rights decisions until 1908, when the Supreme Court ruled on the Winters Doctrine, a decision that guaranteed water rights to tribes⁹. Since this landmark decision, tribes have had an uphill battle due in part to their sovereign nation status not being respected. In fact, Congress tried to abolish tribal governments, disband their reservations, and relocate residents to urban areas in 1953¹⁰. In addition, tribes were forced to endure existential threats to their ways of life, such as fleeing boarding schools that wished to assimilate Indigenous Peoples into U.S. society¹¹. Due to this, 1978 was the year the Ak-Chin Indian Community (near Maricopa AZ) was the first tribe to settle water rights¹². As a result from this constant uphill battle, there are still 8 Arizona tribes with completely unresolved water rights.

2 - Data Import & Wrangling

2.1 - Arizona shapefiles

There were two sources for shapefiles used in this project:

1. AZ counties data from {tigris}
2. University of Arizona Institutional Repository (UAiR) for major Arizona rivers, lakes, and the Central Arizona Project.

All column names were cleaned using janitor::clean_names().

# Download the shapefile for Arizona counties
az_map <- states(cb = TRUE, progress = FALSE) %>%
  clean_names() %>%
  filter(name == "Arizona")

# Import Arizona rivers shapefile
rivers <- st_read(here("data", "azRivers", "Major_Rivers.shp")) %>% 
  clean_names() %>%
  st_transform(crs = st_crs(az_map))

# Import Arizona lakes shapefile
lakes <- st_read(here("data", "azLakes", "Major_Lakes.shp")) %>% 
  clean_names() %>%
  st_transform(crs = st_crs(az_map))

# Import Central Arizona Project shapefile
centralAZ <- st_read(here("data", "Cen_AZ_Proj", "Cen_AZ_Proj.shp")) %>% 
  clean_names() %>%
  st_transform(crs = st_crs(az_map))

2.2 - Arizona Indigenous Tribes

The shapefile for Arizona Indigenous Tribes was sourced from the Arizona Department of Health Services. Several columns were added onto this original data:

Column	Type	Description	Source
tribe	Character	Standardized Tribal name	US Census Bureau
pop	Numeric	Population of Tribes (includes all reservations in and outside of AZ).	US Census Bureau
number	Numeric	Tribal Alphabetical Ranking

Notable steps:

• Reading .shp data from the data folder using st_read the {sf} package.
• Set the crs to 4269, which is standard for US Census data
• Transform the crs to the same as the az_counties_pop to ensure its standardized.

tribal_lands <- st_read(here("data", "azTribes", "American_Indian_Reservations_in_Arizona.shp")) %>% 
  clean_names()
tribal_lands <- st_set_crs(tribal_lands, 4269)
tribal_lands <- st_transform(tribal_lands, crs = st_crs(az_map))

tribal_lands <- tribal_lands %>%
  mutate(
    tribe = case_when(
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Ak-Chin") ~ "Ak-Chin Indian Community",
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Hopi") ~ "Hopi Tribe",
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Hualapai") ~ "Hualapai Tribe",
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Navajo") ~ "Navajo Nation",
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Pascua") ~ "Pascua Yaqui Tribe",    
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Tohono") ~ "Tohono O'odham Nation",
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Tonto Apache") ~ "Tonto Apache Tribe",
      tribe = str_detect(name, "Yavapai-Apache") ~ "Yavapai-Apache Tribe",
      TRUE ~ name
    ),
    url = case_when(
      tribe == "Ak-Chin Indian Community" ~ "https://ak-chin.nsn.us/",
      tribe == "Cocopah Indian Tribe" ~ "https://www.cocopah.com/",
      tribe == "Colorado River Indian Tribes" ~ "https://www.crit-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation" ~ "https://fmyn.org/",
      tribe == "Fort Mojave Indian Tribe" ~ "https://www.fortmojaveindiantribe.com/",
      tribe == "Gila River Indian Community" ~ "https://www.gilariver.org/",
      tribe == "Havasupai Tribe" ~ "https://theofficialhavasupaitribe.com/",
      tribe == "Hopi Tribe" ~ "https://www.hopi-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Hualapai Tribe" ~ "https://hualapai-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Kaibab-Paiute Tribe" ~ "https://www.kaibabpaiute-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Navajo Nation" ~ "https://www.navajo-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Pascua Yaqui Tribe" ~ "https://www.pascuayaqui-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Pueblo of Zuni" ~ "https://www.ashiwi.org/",
      tribe == "Quechan Tribe" ~ "https://www.quechantribe.com/index.html",
      tribe == "Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community" ~ "https://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "San Carlos Apache Tribe" ~ "https://itcaonline.com/member-tribes/san-carlos-apache-tribe/",
      tribe == "Tohono O'odham Nation" ~ "http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/",
      tribe == "Tonto Apache Tribe" ~ "https://itcaonline.com/member-tribes/tonto-apache-tribe/",
      tribe == "White Mountain Apache Tribe" ~ "http://www.wmat.us/",
      tribe == "Yavapai-Apache Tribe" ~ "https://yavapai-apache.org/",
      tribe == "Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe" ~ "https://ypit.com/",
      TRUE ~ NA
    ),
    pop = case_when(
      tribe == "Ak-Chin Indian Community" ~ 1450,
      tribe == "Cocopah Indian Tribe" ~ 1158,
      tribe == "Colorado River Indian Tribes" ~ 8385,
      tribe == "Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation" ~ 1006,
      tribe == "Fort Mojave Indian Tribe" ~ 1572,
      tribe == "Gila River Indian Community" ~ 12179,
      tribe == "Havasupai Tribe" ~ 730,
      tribe == "Hopi Tribe" ~ 7895,
      tribe == "Hualapai Tribe" ~ 1738,
      tribe == "Kaibab-Paiute Tribe" ~ 249,
      tribe == "Navajo Nation" ~ 166545,
      tribe == "Pascua Yaqui Tribe" ~ 3678,
      tribe == "Pueblo of Zuni" ~ 8134,
      tribe == "Quechan Tribe" ~ 1536,
      tribe == "Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community" ~ 5949,
      tribe == "San Carlos Apache Tribe" ~ 10204,
      tribe == "Tohono O'odham Nation" ~ 10052,
      tribe == "Tonto Apache Tribe" ~ 102,
      tribe == "White Mountain Apache Tribe" ~ 14620,
      tribe == "Yavapai-Apache Tribe" ~ 1085,
      tribe == "Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe" ~ 551,
      TRUE ~ NA
    ),
    name = ifelse(name == "Tohono O’odham Nation", "Tohono O'odham Nation", name),
    number = dense_rank(name)) 

2.3 - Arizona Tribal Water Rights

Column	Type	Description	Source
tribe	Character	Standardized Tribal name	US Census Bureau
claim	Numeric	Water rights claim filing (year)	propublica.org13
recognized	Numeric	Water rights claim recognized (year)	propublica.org
resolved	Character	Water rights claim status	cap-az.com

water_rights <- tribble(
  ~tribe, ~claim, ~recognized, ~resolved,
  "Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community", 1949, 1988, "Fully",
  "Cocopah Indian Tribe", 1953, 1963, "Adjudicated",
  "Colorado River Indian Tribes", 1953, 1963, "Adjudicated",
  "Fort Mojave Indian Tribe", 1953, 1963, "Adjudicated",
  "Quechan Tribe", 1953, 1963, "Adjudicated",
  "Ak-Chin Indian Community", 1974, 1978, "Fully",
  "Tohono O'odham Nation", 1975, 1982, "Partially",
  "Gila River Indian Community", 1976, 2005, "Fully",
  "Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe", 1978, 1995, "Fully",
  "White Mountain Apache Tribe", 1979, 2010, "Fully",
  "Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation", 1979, 1990, "Fully",
  "Pueblo of Zuni", 1979, 2003, "Fully",
  "Yavapai-Apache Tribe", 1979, NA, "Unresolved",
  "San Carlos Apache Tribe", 1979, 1999, "Partially",
  "Hualapai Tribe", 1985, 2014, "Fully",
  "Hopi Tribe", 1985, NA, "Unresolved",
  "Tonto Apache Tribe", 1985, NA, "Unresolved",
  "Navajo Nation", 1985, NA, "Unresolved",
  "Pascua Yaqui Tribe", 1987, NA, "Unresolved",
  "San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe", 1991, NA, "Unresolved",
  "Havasupai Tribe", 2016, NA, "Partially",
  "Kaibab-Paiute Tribe", NA, NA, "Unresolved"
)

2.4 - Joined Arizona Tribal data

Column	Type	Description
years	Numeric	Length of time (years) between water rights claim filing and recognition.
res_color	Category	Hex color assigned to water rights status

tribal_lands_water <- 
  tribal_lands %>%
  left_join(water_rights) %>%
  mutate(
    years = case_when(
      is.na(recognized) & !is.na(claim) ~ 2024 - claim,
      is.na(recognized) & is.na(claim) ~ 0,
      TRUE ~ recognized - claim
      ),
    res_color = case_when(
      resolved == "Fully" | resolved == "Adjudicated" ~ "#127852",
      resolved == "Partially" ~ "goldenrod",
      resolved == "Unresolved" ~ "firebrick",
      TRUE ~ "gray"
      )
    ) 

3 - Arizona Indigenous Tribal Boundaries

Plotting AZ Indigenous Tribal boundaries from the az counties shapefile and the shapefile from AZGeo Data. There are a few noteworthy steps:

1. Utilizing five geom_sf() arguments - i. for the AZ counties, ii. for major AZ rivers, iii. for the Central Arizona Project, iv. for major AZ lakes, v. for the indigenous regions.
2. Utilizing geom_label_repel_interactive() to create interactive labels (tooltips).
3. Utilizing scale_fill_identity() to fill the tribal land geometry and give it a custom legend.

Note

This visual is inspired by the ProPublica article “How Arizona Stands Between Tribes and Their Water”.

tribal_map <-
  ggplot(az_map) +
  geom_sf(fill = "#E7E4D9") +
  geom_sf(data = rivers, color = "#8ca7c0", linewidth = 0.5) +
  geom_sf(data = centralAZ, color = "#98A68F", linewidth = 0.5) +
  geom_sf(data = lakes, fill = "#8ca7c0", color = "#8ca7c0", size = 1) +
  geom_sf(data = tribal_lands_water, aes(fill = "#BA8172"), alpha = 0.5, color = "gray85", linewidth = 0.15) +
  geom_label_repel_interactive(
    data = tribal_lands_water,
    aes(label = number, geometry = geometry, 
        tooltip = paste0("<a href='", url, "'>", name, "</a>\n"),
        onclick = paste0('window.open("', url , '")')),
    stat = "sf_coordinates",
    min.segment.length = 0,
    force = 16) +
  scale_fill_identity(guide = "legend", labels = "Federally Recognized Tribal\nReservations and Trust Land") +
  labs(title = "Federally Recognized Tribal Reservations and Trust Land\nin Arizona",
       x = "Longitude",
       y = "Latitude",
       caption = "Source: Shapefile obtained using {tigris} R package, v2.0.1\nIndigenous Tribe Shapefile obtained from AZGeo Data\nWater body data obtained from UAiR",
       fill = NULL) +
  coord_sf(clip = "off") +
  theme(plot.title.position = "plot",
        legend.key.size = unit(1, "cm"),
        legend.position = "left",
        legend.justification = "top",
        plot.caption = element_text(color = "gray80"))

girafe(ggobj = tribal_map)

4 - Create AZ Tribal Subplots

Note

This approach was inspired by the 2022 Posit Table Contest Runner Up: “All Aboard! Exploring the Amtrak Passenger Rail System”.

4.1 - Create the Combined AZ Static Map

There are several notable steps:

1. Reduce the tribal_lands_water dataset from step 2.4.
2. Combine the geometry columns using st_union in the tribal_lands_water_map dataset.
   1. Then left_join() the new tribal_lands_water_reduced dataset to the tribal_lands_water_map data.
3. Create a full map plot combining the Arizona Map, Major Rivers, Central Arizona Project, Major Lakes, and AZ Tribal Boundaries shapefiles (similar to the approach in step 3).

tribal_lands_water_reduced <- tribal_lands_water %>%
  st_drop_geometry() %>%
  select(tribe, url) %>%
  distinct()

tribal_lands_water_map <- 
  tribal_lands_water %>%
  group_by(tribe) %>%
  summarize(geometry = st_union(geometry)) %>%
  left_join(tribal_lands_water_reduced)

tribal_map_all <- ggplot(az_map) +
  geom_sf(fill = "#E7E4D9") +
  geom_sf(data = rivers, color = "#8ca7c0", linewidth = 0.5) +
  geom_sf(data = centralAZ, color = "#98A68F", linewidth = 0.5) +
  geom_sf(data = lakes, fill = "#8ca7c0", color = "#8ca7c0", size = 1) +
  geom_sf(data = tribal_lands_water_map, aes(fill = "#BA8172"), alpha = 0.5, color = "gray85", linewidth = 0.15) +
  scale_fill_identity() +
  coord_sf(clip = "off")

tribal_map_all

4.2 - Function: tribe_plot_fcn

This function creates a plot for given geographic data, specifically focusing on tribal lands and surrounding features in Arizona.

Parameters:

• tribal_lands_water_map: Spatial data for tribal lands and water.

• az_map: Spatial data for the map of Arizona.

• rivers: Spatial data for rivers.

• centralAZ: Spatial data for central Arizona.

• lakes: Spatial data for lakes.

Steps:

1. Convert the coordinate systems of all input spatial datasets to the common CRS (Coordinate Reference System) with EPSG code 3857.

2. Validate the geometries in the transformed tribal lands data.

3. Calculate the bounding box for the tribal lands to determine the plotting area.

4. Use ggplot2 to create a plot with multiple layers, including the map of Arizona, rivers, central Arizona, lakes, and tribal lands. Customize the appearance and set the coordinate limits based on the bounding box.

5. Return the plot in a tibble, associating it with the tribe name.

tribe_plot_fcn <- function(tribal_lands_water_map, az_map, rivers, centralAZ, lakes) {
  
  # Transform the coordinate systems to a common CRS
  tribal_mer <- tribal_lands_water_map %>% st_transform(crs = 3857)
  az_map_mer <- az_map %>% st_transform(crs = 3857)
  rivers_mer <- rivers %>% st_transform(crs = 3857)
  centralAZ_mer <- centralAZ %>% st_transform(crs = 3857)
  lakes_mer <- lakes %>% st_transform(crs = 3857)
  
  # Ensure geometries are valid
  tribal_mer <- st_make_valid(tribal_mer)
  
  # Calculate the bounding box for each tribe area
  tribe_bbox <- st_bbox(tribal_mer) %>% st_as_sfc()
  tribe_name <- tribal_lands_water_map$tribe
  
  # Create the plot
  gg <- 
    (ggplot() +
       geom_sf(data = az_map_mer, fill = "#E7E4D9") +
       geom_sf(data = rivers_mer, color = "#8ca7c0", linewidth = 0.5) +
       geom_sf(data = centralAZ_mer, color = "#98A68F", linewidth = 0.5) +
       geom_sf(data = lakes_mer, fill = "#8ca7c0", color = "#8ca7c0", size = 1) +
       geom_sf(data = tribal_mer, aes(fill = "#BA8172"), alpha = 0.5, color = "gray85", linewidth = 0.15) +
       scale_fill_identity() +
       coord_sf(
         xlim = st_coordinates(tribe_bbox)[c(1,3),1], # min & max of x values
         ylim = st_coordinates(tribe_bbox)[c(2,4),2]) + # min & max of y values
       theme_void() +
       theme(
         legend.position = 'none',
         panel.background = element_rect(fill = 'transparent', color = NA),
         plot.background = element_rect(fill = 'transparent', color = NA)))
  
  # Return the plot in a tibble
  result <- tibble(tribe = tribe_name, plot = list(gg))
  
  return(result)
}

Applying the Function:

The function tribe_plot_fcn is applied to each group of tribal lands data, and the results are combined into a single tibble for use in a reactable.

Steps:

1. Split the tribal_lands_water_map data into groups based on the tribe attribute.

2. Apply the tribe_plot_fcn function to each group of data using map_dfr, which combines the results into a single data frame.

This process results in a tibble (tribal_maps) where each row contains a tribe’s name and its corresponding plot, ready for integration into a reactable.

# Apply the function to each group and integrate into reactable
tribal_maps <- 
  map_dfr(
    .x = group_split(tribal_lands_water_map, tribe),
    .f = ~tribe_plot_fcn(tribal_lands_water_map = .x, az_map = az_map, rivers = rivers, centralAZ = centralAZ, lakes = lakes)
  )

5 - Create the Final Table

5.1 - Data Aggregation and Processing

Aggregation and Mutation:

1. Group the tribal_lands_water data by tribe, url, years, resolved, and res_color.

tribal_lands_water_agg <- 
  tribal_lands_water %>%
  group_by(tribe, url, years, resolved, res_color)

2. Summarize the data to create new columns:

   • combined_names: Combine distinct names that are not equal to the tribe name.

   • land: Sum of aland (land area) divided by 1,000,000 to convert to square kilometers.

   • water: Sum of awater (water area) divided by 1,000,000 to convert to square kilometers.

   • pop: Sum of the population.

summarise(
  combined_names = if (n_distinct(name) > 1) 
  {paste("+", name[name != tribe], collapse = ", <br>")
    } 
  else {
    ""
    },
  land = sum(aland) / (1000^2),
  water = sum(awater) / (1000^2),
  pop = sum(pop),
  .groups = "drop")

3. Modify the combined_names column to include HTML styling if it’s not empty.

mutate(combined_names = ifelse(combined_names != "",
                               paste0("<div style='font-size: 0.55rem; color: #777;'>",
                                      combined_names,
                                      "</div>"),
                               combined_names)
       )

5.2 - Header Content Creation

1. Add links to external fonts from Google Fonts.

header_content <- tags$div(
  tags$link(
    href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bungee&family=Lato:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,700;0,900&family=Nothing+You+Could+Do&family=Permanent+Marker&display=swap",
    rel = "stylesheet"
    )

2. Define the main title and subtitles with specific styling.

tags$div(
  tags$div(
    "Waiting for Water", 
    style = css(
      'font-size' = '50pt', 
      'font-weight' = 'bold', 
      'font-family' = 'Bungee', 
      'text-align' = 'left',
      'margin-bottom' = 0,
      'padding-left' = '10px',
      'vertical-align' = 'middle'
    )
  ),
  tags$div(
    "Arizona Indigenous Tribal Water Rights", 
    style = css(
      'font-family' = 'Montserrat',
      'margin-bottom' = 0,
      'margin-top' = 0,
      'font-size' = '28pt',
      'text-align' = 'left',
      color = '#8C8C8C',
      'padding-left' = '10px'
    )
  ),
  tags$div(
    "...or a lack thereof", 
    style = css(
      'font-family' = 'Permanent Marker',
      'margin-bottom' = 0,
      'margin-top' = 0,
      'font-size' = '18pt',
      'text-align' = 'left',
      color = 'firebrick',
      'padding-left' = '10px'
    )
  ),
  style = css(width = '70%')

3. Include a map of all Arizona tribes.

tags$div(
  plotTag(
    tribal_map_all,
    alt = "Map of all Arizona Tribes",
    height = 200
  ),
  style = css(width = '30%')
)

4. Combine the title, subtitles, and map in a styled header container.

style = css(
  width = '1250px',
  display = 'inline-flex',
  'align-items' = 'center',
  'justify-content' = 'space-between'
)

5.3 - Footer Content Creation

1. Add links to external fonts from Google Fonts.

footer_content <- 
  tags$div(
    tags$link(
      href = "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bungee&family=Montserrat:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,700;0,900&1,100;1,300;1,400;1,700;1,900&display=swap", 
      rel = "stylesheet"
    )
  )

2. Include information about specific tribes and legal doctrines related to water rights.

tags$div(
  tags$sup("*"), 
  "Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians has not filed a water claim yet.",
  tags$br(),
  tags$sup("1"), 
  "The Winters Doctrine, from the 1908 Supreme Court case ",
  tags$a(
    href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters_v._United_States#:~:text=Winters%20v.%20United%20States%2C%20207%20U.S.%20564%20%281908%29%2C,cases%20where%20the%20rights%20were%20not%20clear.%20",
    target = "_blank",
    tags$i("Winters v. United States")
  ),
  ", established that Native American tribes have reserved water rights when reservations are created. These rights are considered to have a priority date corresponding to the establishment date of the reservation, making them senior to many other water rights.",
  tags$br(),
  tags$sup("2"),
  "Adjudicated Water Rights resulted from the set of United States Supreme Court cases.",
  tags$a(
    href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_v._California",
    target = "_blank",
    tags$i("Arizona v. California")
  ),
  ", which all deal with disputes over water distribution from the Colorado River between the states of Arizona and California.",
  style = css(
    display = 'inline-block',
    'text-align' = 'left',
    'font-family' = 'Montserrat',
    color = 'black', 
    'font-size' = '9pt',
    'border-bottom-style' = 'solid',
    'border-top-style' = 'solid',
    width = '1250px',
    'padding-bottom' = '8px',
    'padding-top' = '8px',
    'padding-left' = '10px',
    'border-color' = '#DADADA'
  )

3. Include information about data sources and credits with GitHub link.

tags$div(
  "Data Sources: Wikipedia, US Census Bureau, ProPublica.org, and AZ Geo Data Hub | ",
  shiny::icon("github"), 
  tags$a("Gchism94", href = "https://github.com/Gchism94", target = "_blank"),
  style = css(
    display = 'inline-block', 
    'vertical-align' = 'middle',
    'text-align' = 'left',
    'font-family' = 'Montserrat', 
    color = '#8C8C8C', 
    'font-size' = '10pt', 
    width = '1250px', 
    'padding-top' = '8px', 
    'padding-left' = '10px'
  )
)

6 - Final Table

tribal_lands_water_agg <- 
  tribal_lands_water %>%
  # Group data by columns
  group_by(tribe, url, years, resolved, res_color) %>%
  # Create a percentage column, rounded to two decimal points
  summarise(
    combined_names = if (n_distinct(name) > 1) 
      {paste("+", name[name != tribe], collapse = ", <br>")
      } 
    else {
      ""
    },
    land = sum(aland) / (1000^2),
    water = sum(awater) / (1000^2),
    pop = sum(pop),
    .groups = "drop") %>%
  mutate(combined_names = ifelse(combined_names != "",
                                 paste0("<div style='font-size: 0.55rem; color: #777;'>",
                                        combined_names,
                                        "</div>"),
                                 combined_names))

# Create a styled header
header_content <- tags$div(
  tags$link(
    href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bungee&family=Lato:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,700;0,900;1,100;1,300;1,400;1,700;1,900&family=Nothing+You+Could+Do&family=Permanent+Marker&display=swap",
    rel = "stylesheet"
  ),
  tags$div(
    tags$div(
      "Waiting for Water", 
      style = css(
        'font-size' = '50pt', 
        'font-weight' = 'bold', 
        'font-family' = 'Bungee', 
        'text-align' = 'left',
        'margin-bottom' = 0,
        'padding-left' = '10px',
        'vertical-align' = 'middle'
      )
    ),
    tags$div(
      "Arizona Indigenous Tribal Water Rights", 
      style = css(
        'font-family' = 'Montserrat',
        'margin-bottom' = 0,
        'margin-top' = 0,
        'font-size' = '28pt',
        'text-align' = 'left',
        color = '#8C8C8C',
        'padding-left' = '10px'
      )
    ),
    tags$div(
      "...or a lack thereof", 
      style = css(
        'font-family' = 'Permanent Marker',
        'margin-bottom' = 0,
        'margin-top' = 0,
        'font-size' = '18pt',
        'text-align' = 'left',
        color = 'firebrick',
        'padding-left' = '10px'
      )
    ),
    style = css(width = '70%')
  ),
  tags$div(
    plotTag(
      tribal_map_all,
      alt = "Map of all Arizona Tribes",
      height = 200
    ),
    style = css(width = '30%')
  ),
  style = css(
    width = '1250px',
    display = 'inline-flex',
    'align-items' = 'left',
    'justify-content' = 'space-between'
  )
)

footer_content <- 
  tags$div(
    tags$link(
      href = "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bungee&family=Montserrat:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,700;0,900;1,100;1,300;1,400;1,700;1,900&display=swap", 
      rel = "stylesheet"
    ),
    tags$div(
      tags$sup("*"), 
      "Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians has not filed a water claim yet.",
      tags$br(),
      tags$sup("1"), 
      "The Winters Doctrine, from the 1908 Supreme Court case ",
      tags$a(
        href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters_v._United_States#:~:text=Winters%20v.%20United%20States%2C%20207%20U.S.%20564%20%281908%29%2C,cases%20where%20the%20rights%20were%20not%20clear.%20",
        target = "_blank",
        tags$i("Winters v. United States")
      ),
      ", established that Native American tribes have reserved water rights when reservations are created. These rights are considered to have a priority date corresponding to the establishment date of the reservation, making them senior to many other water rights.",
      tags$br(),
      tags$sup("2"),
      "Adjudicated Water Rights resulted from the set of United States Supreme Court cases.",
      tags$a(
        href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_v._California",
        target = "_blank",
        tags$i("Arizona v. California")
      ),
      ", which all deal with disputes over water distribution from the Colorado River between the states of Arizona and California.",
      style = css(
        display = 'inline-block',
        'text-align' = 'left',
        'align-items' = 'left',
        'font-family' = 'Montserrat',
        color = 'black', 
        'font-size' = '9pt',
        'border-bottom-style' = 'solid',
        'border-top-style' = 'solid',
        width = '1250px',
        'padding-bottom' = '8px',
        'padding-top' = '8px',
        'padding-left' = '10px',
        'border-color' = '#DADADA',
      )
    ),
    tags$div(
      "Data Sources: Wikipedia, US Census Bureau, ProPublica.org, and AZ Geo Data Hub | ",
      shiny::icon("github"), 
      tags$a("Gchism94", href = "https://github.com/Gchism94", target = "_blank"),
      style = css(
        display = 'inline-block', 
        'vertical-align' = 'middle',
        'text-align' = 'left',
        'font-family' = 'Montserrat', 
        color = '#8C8C8C', 
        'font-size' = '10pt', 
        width = '1250px', 
        'padding-top' = '8px', 
        'padding-left' = '10px'
      )
    )
  )

# HTML tables for UA position and UA department affiliation
tribes_table <- 
  tribal_lands_water_agg %>%
    st_drop_geometry() %>%
    mutate(tribe = ifelse(tribe == "Kaibab-Paiute Tribe",
                          paste0("<a href='", url, "'>", tribe, "</a>", "*", "<br>", combined_names),
                          paste0("<a href='", url, "'>", tribe, "</a>", "<br>", combined_names)),
           map = NA
           ) %>%
    select(-c(url)) %>%
    relocate(map, .before = years) %>%
    relocate(tribe, .before = map) %>%
    relocate(resolved, .after = years) %>%
    relocate(pop, .after = resolved) %>%
  # Reactable argument
  reactable(
    # Clean theme with base font size 16pt
    theme = reactableTheme(
      style = list(fontSize = "1rem",
                   fontFamily = "Montserrat, sans-serif")
    ),
    width = 1250,
    # Default table sort by years column
    defaultSorted = "years",
    # Default sort order descending
    defaultSortOrder = "desc",
    defaultColDef = colDef(
      vAlign = "center",
      align = "center",
      headerVAlign = "center",
      html = TRUE,
      ),
    # Columns list
    columns = list(
      # tribe column
      tribe = colDef(maxWidth = 250,
                    name = "Tribe",
                    align = "left",
                    html = TRUE),
      
      combined_names = colDef(show = FALSE), 
      
      # pop column
      pop = colDef(maxWidth = 130,
                   name = "Population",
                   align = 'center',
                    cell = color_tiles(
                      data = tribal_lands_water_agg,
                      number_fmt = scales::comma_format(accuracy = 1),
                      colors = "gray50",
                      text_color = "white"
                  )
                  ),
      
      # land column
      land = colDef(maxWidth = 100,
                    name = "Land",
                    align = 'center',
                    cell = color_tiles(
                      data = .,
                      number_fmt = scales::comma_format(accuracy = 1),
                      colors = paletteer::paletteer_c("ggthemes::Classic Area-Brown", 30)
                    ),
                    html = TRUE,
                    header = JS('function(column) {
        return column.name + `<div style="color: #737373; font-size: 0.8rem;">km<sup>2</sup></div>`
      }')
      ),
      
      # water column
      water = colDef(maxWidth = 100,
                     name = "Water",
                     align = 'center',
                     cell = color_tiles(
                      data = .,
                      number_fmt = scales::comma_format(accuracy = 1),
                      colors = RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(5, 'Blues')
                     ),
                    html = TRUE,
                    header = JS('function(column) {
        return column.name + `<div style="color: #737373; font-size: 0.8rem;">km<sup>2</sup></div>`
      }')
      ),
      
      # years column
      years = colDef(
        name = 'Years until water rights after filing<sup>1</sup>',
        align = 'left',
        maxWidth = 350,
        html = TRUE,
        cell = data_bars(
          data = .,
          fill_color = MetBrewer::met.brewer('Tsimshian', type = "continuous", direction = -1),
          text_position = 'none',
          box_shadow = TRUE,
          max_value = max(tribal_lands_water_agg$years, na.rm = TRUE),
          icon = 'droplet',
          bias = 1.5,
          bar_height = 4,
          background = 'transparent',
          round_edges = TRUE,
          tooltip = TRUE,
        )
      ),
      resolved = colDef(
        name = "Water Rights <sup>2</sup>",
        minWidth = 65,
        html = TRUE,
        header = JS('function(column) {
        return column.name + `<div style="color: #737373; font-size: 0.8rem;">Status</div>`
      }'),
        cell = pill_buttons(
          data = .,
          color_ref = 'res_color',
          box_shadow = TRUE
        )
        ),
      res_color = colDef(show = FALSE),
      map = colDef(
        name = "",
        sortable = FALSE,
        cell = function(value, index){
          htmltools::plotTag(
            tribal_maps$plot[[index]],
            alt = 'plots',
            height = 75,
            width = 75,
            deviceArgs = list(bg = 'transparent'))
          },
        width = 200
      )
    )
    )

# Combine the header and the reactable in a single HTML structure
full_page <- tags$div(
  header_content,
  tags$div(
    tribes_table,
    style = css('display' = 'flex', 'justify-content' = 'center', 'width' = '100%')
  ),
  footer_content,
  style = css('width' = '100%', 'text-align' = 'center')
)

Waiting for Water

Arizona Indigenous Tribal Water Rights

...or a lack thereof

^* Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians has not filed a water claim yet.
¹ The Winters Doctrine, from the 1908 Supreme Court case Winters v. United States , established that Native American tribes have reserved water rights when reservations are created. These rights are considered to have a priority date corresponding to the establishment date of the reservation, making them senior to many other water rights.
² Adjudicated Water Rights resulted from the set of United States Supreme Court cases. Arizona v. California , which all deal with disputes over water distribution from the Colorado River between the states of Arizona and California.

Data Sources: Wikipedia, US Census Bureau, ProPublica.org, and AZ Geo Data Hub | Gchism94

Footnotes

1. Source: https://humanrightspractice.arizona.edu/land-acknowledgement

2. Source: https://stacker.com/health/sunniest-states-us, their data - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XB7a73g5oV8X-e5afV0Wcj_VKVRuKSn6t0Sb8yXdnao/edit#heading=h.swdolthc68cw

3. Source: usgs.gov

4. Though there has been substantial improvement in Lake Mead’s water levels (SOURCE).

5. Source: Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University

6. Source: Drought.gov

7. Source: cap-az.com

8. Source: Associated Press, the deal would be the most expensive enacted by Congress.

9. Source: Wikipedia - Winters v. United States

10. Colloquially, a part the era of U.S. Indial termination policy: Wikipedia.

11. American Indian boarding schools: Wikipedia.

12. Public Law 95-328, 95th Congress

13. Dates for claim and recognized were derived using the image analysis software Fiji, by calculating a standardized unit of distance, then calculating the length of time between known years and the tick on the graph.